Posted October 31, 2023
Wrote by Rubin Khoddam Ph.D.
Reviewed by Michelle Quirk
In the realm of mental health and well-being, the interplay between trauma and addiction is a topic of growing importance. Learn the connection between trauma and addiction, explore the various facets of this complex issue, and see how trauma therapy can be a path to recovery and transformation.
Research has illuminated a significant connection between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD), underscoring the intricate relationship between these conditions. Several studies (here, here, here, and here) have shed light on this comorbidity, revealing that individuals with PTSD are at a heightened risk of developing substance abuse issues, alongside other mental health disorders.
A study by Breslau and colleagues, in particular, offered noteworthy insights. They found that exposure to traumatic experiences, when coupled with PTSD symptomology, was associated with an increased risk of substance problems. Moreover, this correlation appears to be particularly potent among adolescents grappling with PTSD. Astonishingly, up to 59 percent of young individuals diagnosed with PTSD subsequently develop substance abuse problems. Interestingly, this connection seems to be even more pronounced in girls.
Additional evidence highlights the interplay between alcohol and drug consumption and the severity of PTSD symptoms. For instance, it has been observed that individuals who use drugs and alcohol are more likely to experience heightened PTSD symptoms even a year after a traumatic event. In the case of women, those who engage in drug use tend to exhibit higher mean scores for total PTSD symptom severity and are more likely to meet the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis compared to non-users.
Early traumatic experiences can elevate the risk of developing SUDs. This is often attributed to individuals' attempts to self-medicate or alleviate mood-related symptoms arising from a dysregulated biological stress response. Conversely, early onset substance use or abuse in adolescence can further disrupt the biological stress response, as it increases plasma cortisol levels. This disruption can compound the risk of developing PTSD and concurrent depressive symptoms.
The timing and relative ages at which these conditions manifest are also crucial in understanding the comorbidity of substance abuse and PTSD. Research has demonstrated that in individuals whose PTSD precedes substance abuse, the trauma is frequently linked to childhood abuse. Conversely, those whose substance abuse precedes the onset of PTSD often trace the trauma back to the procurement and use of substances. Some experts propose that this comorbidity may arise from a shared genetically mediated vulnerability to psychopathology following exposure to trauma.
Gender disparities in trauma-related risk factors for alcohol and drug abuse have been a focus of study as well. One study, centered on adolescent populations, suggests that traumatic event exposure increases the risk of SUDs in young women but not in young men. Additionally, another study suggests the presence of gender-related differences in comorbidity. In men, drug use typically precedes exposure to a traumatic event, whereas in women, the onset age for both drug use and exposure to a traumatic event is nearly identical.
Addiction often begins as an attempt to escape or numb the pain caused by unresolved trauma. Substances like drugs or alcohol offer temporary relief, providing a false sense of control and happiness. Unfortunately, this fleeting escape can quickly spiral into dependency, intensifying the trauma and addiction cycle.
To comprehend the connection between trauma and addiction, it's essential to explore the physiological aspect. Trauma can alter brain chemistry, affecting areas responsible for emotions and decision-making. This can lead to impulsive behaviors, making it harder for individuals to resist the allure of addictive substances.
Individuals with untreated trauma may turn to self-medication as a way to cope with their emotional pain. This can include using substances like drugs or alcohol to numb the distressing memories and feelings associated with trauma. However, this coping mechanism can quickly evolve into a full-fledged addiction, compounding their suffering.
The trauma-addiction cycle is a vicious one. Addiction intensifies trauma symptoms, leading to increased pain and distress. This, in turn, drives individuals deeper into their addiction as they desperately try to escape the overwhelming emotions. Breaking free from this cycle requires professional help and specialized trauma therapy.
Trauma therapy is a specialized approach designed to help individuals heal from the emotional wounds of trauma. It provides a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their past experiences, process their emotions, and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Here's how trauma therapy can help in the context of addiction:
Understanding the link between trauma and addiction is essential for effective treatment and recovery. If you or someone you know is struggling with trauma and addiction, don't hesitate to seek help from an addiction therapist dedicated to providing compassionate and evidence-based care. Remember, healing is possible, and recovery is within reach.